It is important to consider that simply bubbling hydrogen gas into water or producing it in water (e.g. metallic magnesium, electrolysis via water ionizers, etc.), does not necessarily mean that the water will contain a saturated level or even a therapeutic level of hydrogen gas. Indeed, some water ionizers are able to produce a high alkaline pH, and thus by default “produce” hydrogen gas, but the concentration of hydrogen gas in the water may be less than 0.05 ppm. Conventional alkaline water ionizers were developed decades before the importance of hydrogen gas was known, thus their design was optimized to produce alkaline water not dissolved hydrogen gas. In fact, some water ionizers may produce very high alkaline water, but with no detectable amounts of hydrogen gas.

The manner in which hydrogen gas is dissolved in the water has an effect on its stability and rate of exsolution (coming out of solution) and dissipation. Hydrogen gas can exist in water as fully dissolved gaseous solutes, colloidal and suspension forms, as well as large macrobubbles that exit almost immediately. There are many things to consider when discussing hydrogen in water including macro, micro and nano-bubbles, zeta potential, nucleation, solvation, Ostwald ripening, bubble coalescence, ionic strength, and other factors that affect solubility and half-life.

Alkalinity of a fluid is determined by the content of H+ and OH- in the fluid. H+ is an isotope of hydrogen, therefore, it is important to classify which hydrogen isotope we are talking about. Alkaline ionizers, as they are often called, raise the pH of the water not as a direct result of adding H2 but because in order to produce H2, they must consume the H+ ions in the water, thus making the water more alkaline. The resulting water has more OH- than H+, hence the increase in alkalinity. This gives us a first glimpse of how alkaline water could be considered healthy, it has significantly more oxygen. For example, blood with the pH of 7.45 has 64.9% more oxygen than blood with the pH of 7.30. Each point on the pH scala represents a 10x fold increase in oxygen. This sounds like a lot but considered in the context of our daily oxygen consumption, water contributes only to about 0.003%. Therefore, more oxygen in the fluid cannot explain its healthy attributes. What can? pH stands for potential of hydrogen, it is an indicator for it. Once we have performed the electrolysis, our water is enriched with hydrogen gas, which is the sole therapeutic agent of alkaline pH water. Hydrogen gas dissipates quickly and the electrically reduced water would need to be consumed within a few minutes.

More than 50% of people in America are concerned with the water that comes out of their tab and for good reason, it has pharmaceutical residues, chlorine, flouride, heavy metals, and many other contaminants which the municipal water preparation can't fully filter out. The issue is further exacerbated by elongated and rusty pipe architecture and unmet sanitary guidelines. If we consider the size of a municipal water filtration facility and its ineffectively to fully clear out contaminants, then small mesh filters of a Brita filter should definitely not be relied upon. They are primarily designed to remove the chlorine and flouride those municipal filtration system infuse to prevent bacterial growth, which is good, but can't provide the required micron size to filter out remaining contaminants.

Plastic bottles contain phthalates, toxic carcinogens, and hormone disruptive chemicals. In contact with one of the strongest solvents, these materials leach into your drinking water.

Any plastic will leach contaminants into your drinking water, especially when exposed to UV stress, physical stress, and heat. Beyond direct health concerns, the lifecycle of plastic bottles is environmentally problematic. Their production relies on fossil fuels, is energy-intensive, and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. The inadequate recycling rates result in significant landfill accumulation (up to 95%) and widespread plastic pollution, impacting ecosystems and wildlife.

What is hydration? When we talk about hydration it is important to distinguish what hydration is. Recent bioelectrical impedance analysis studies showed that diabetics have a lower ratio of intracellular water (ICW) to extracellular water (ECW). This is a strong indicator of dehydration and one of the leading health concerns with diabetics to begin with. Improved cell water distribution (ICW/ECW), meaning, more water inside the cell is what effective hydration is.

The greatest physiological change with aging is not within our biomolecules, but in the loss of water from the body. ERW water has been shown to greatly improve intracellular hydration compared to ordinary water, or other water for that matter.

75% of Americans are chronically dehydrated, meaning that is their normal state of being.

Effects of dehydration include:

1. Decreased cognitive function: Impaired concentration, short-term memory, and decision-making.
2. Reduced physical performance: Decreased endurance, increased perceived exertion, and impaired thermoregulation.
3. Increased risk of urinary tract infections and kidney stones.
4. Alterations in mood and increased fatigue.
5. Impaired cardiovascular function: Increased heart rate and decreased stroke volume.

Firstly, what is structured water? When ordinary tab water is observed under a microscope and compared to the liquid that is inside your cells, you will immediately see a big difference, the water structure of the intracellular water is more organized and structured. This paper explains why water structures. Structured water has 5 to 6 molecules of water per cluster. It also has a lower surface tension than lets say tap water, which makes it a better solvent and improves hydration.

In summary, the more resembling the water we drink is to the water that is inside our cells, the better hydrating it is, of which the structure is one aspect.

Firstly, there is a high potassium (K+) and low sodium (Na+) concentration inside cells, maintained through selective adsorption of K+, rendering most conventional hydration products using primarily sodium as not optimal. Mimicking intracellular fluid ratios, is more supportive of cellular hydration by helping maintain its crucial ionic balance, potentially, and structure.

Electrolytes are ions, meaning, they are essential for electrostatic processes, which are not fully understood yet.

From the perspectives of Gilbert Ling and Gerald Pollack, electrolytes have additional, more nuanced roles related to:

• Ling: Maintaining the structure of ordered intracellular water (PMW) and reflecting the healthy "living state" of the cell.
• Pollack: Supporting cellular functions that occur within the context of Exclusion Zone (EZ) water and influencing the ionic environment surrounding EZ water regions.

Solely describing electrolytes as the responsible agent for hydration is false, while they do play an important role.

Sport drinks can improve hydration in specific contexts, primarily for individuals engaging in prolonged or intense exercise where fluid and electrolyte loss is significant (mainstream view). They are formulated to replace fluids, replenish lost electrolytes (especially sodium), and provide energy. Compared to plain water in these specific situations, sports drinks can be advantageous, not necessary for everyday use.

The associated preservatives, plastic derived contaminants, coloring agents, sweeteners, sugars of sports drinks more than offset the benefits for daily hydration.

ERW water is based on scientific evidence vastly superior and healthier.

75% of the American population are chronically dehydrated. Optimally hydrated individual are probably below the 5% mark. Hence, it makes rather sense to concentration on hydration than over hydration.

Nevertheless, over hydration can be fata. Overhydration, also known as water intoxication or hyponatremia, occurs when you consume more water than your kidneys can effectively remove, leading to an excess of water in the body relative to electrolytes, particularly sodium. This imbalance disrupts normal bodily functions and can, in severe cases, be life-threatening.

One reason for that can be the absence of a satiation feeling. You are drinking large amounts of water, but are still feeling thirsty. This can occur with extremly hard water and in endurance athletes, individuals with certain medical conditions, and those with psychogenic polydipsia.

Hydrogen gas is the only antioxidant to readily cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), explaining partially its neuron-protective effects. The primary questions is to identify how and why hydrogen is a superior antioxidant than any other antixodiant.

To explain the superior anti oxidative effects of hydrogen gas, we need to compare it to a commonly know antioxidant, such as Vitamin C.

Hydrogen gas (H₂) and vitamin C are both antioxidants, but their mechanisms, bioavailability, and physiological impacts differ significantly. Below is a detailed comparison highlighting hydrogen’s unique advantages and why it may be superior in specific therapeutic contexts:

1. Selective Antioxidant Activity

Hydrogen gas selectively neutralizes the most cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻), while sparing beneficial ROS like hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and nitric oxide (NO), which are critical for cellular signaling and homeostasis 212. In contrast, vitamin C acts broadly, scavenging both harmful and beneficial ROS, potentially disrupting redox-sensitive pathways necessary for mitochondrial biogenesis and adaptive responses to exercise 813. For example, in rat studies, vitamin C supplementation suppressed mitochondrial biogenesis markers (e.g., PGC-1α, NRF-1), whereas hydrogen gas preserved or even enhanced these signals 813.

2. Impact on Mitochondrial Function

Hydrogen gas uniquely protects mitochondrial integrity and function. It penetrates mitochondria directly due to its small molecular size (2 g/mol vs. vitamin C’s 176 g/mol), where it enhances electron transport chain efficiency and reduces oxidative damage without interfering with ROS-mediated signaling 1214. Vitamin C, however, may impair mitochondrial adaptations to stress. In a treadmill exercise study, vitamin C reduced mitochondrial complex IV levels and blunted post-exercise biogenetic signaling, while hydrogen gas increased complex IV concentration and activated PGC-1α, a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis 813.

3. Bioavailability and Cellular Penetration

Hydrogen’s nonpolar nature and tiny size allow it to diffuse rapidly across cell membranes, the blood-brain barrier, and into organelles like nuclei and mitochondria 512. This enables H₂ to reach sites of oxidative damage that vitamin C cannot access effectively. For instance, inhaled hydrogen gas reaches brain tissues within minutes to mitigate stroke-related injury, a feat challenging for vitamin C due to its bulkier molecular structure 212. Hydrogen’s ability to act both intracellularly and extracellularly makes it versatile in combating localized oxidative stress.

4. Safety and Lack of Side Effects

Hydrogen gas exhibits no toxicity even at high concentrations, making it suitable for chronic use 512. In contrast, high-dose vitamin C can act as a pro-oxidant, disrupt redox balance, or interfere with endogenous antioxidant upregulation (e.g., glutathione peroxidase) 516. For example, vitamin C supplementation at 500 mg/kg in rats suppressed the body’s natural antioxidant enzyme activity, whereas hydrogen gas enhanced these systems 1314.

5. Multi-Mechanistic Benefits Beyond Antioxidant Activity

Hydrogen gas exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and signaling-modulating effects:

• Anti-inflammatory: Reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation, as seen in myocardial infarction models 1215.
• Gene regulation: Upregulates Nrf2 pathway, boosting endogenous antioxidants like glutathione and catalase 514.
• Organ protection: Shields brain, heart, liver, and lungs from oxidative damage, with clinical applications in COVID-19 and radiation therapy 1215.

Vitamin C, while essential for collagen synthesis and immune function, lacks these broad regulatory effects and may even inhibit exercise-induced adaptations 58.

Conclusion: Why Hydrogen Gas Surpasses Vitamin C

Hydrogen gas outperforms vitamin C in:

1. Precision: Targets only harmful ROS, preserving redox signaling.
2. Mitochondrial support: Enhances energy production without disrupting biogenesis.
3. Accessibility: Reaches critical cellular compartments vitamin C cannot.
4. Safety: No pro-oxidant risks or interference with endogenous systems.
5. Therapeutic versatility: Combats inflammation, organ damage, and chronic diseases.

While vitamin C remains vital for nutrition, hydrogen gas offers a profoundly superior, targeted approach to oxidative stress management, particularly in conditions like neurodegeneration, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and metabolic disorders.